LAD #7: Washington's Farewell Address

In 1796, Washington's wrote his Farewell Address. In it, he explains that he is "stepping down" from his spot as President after being voted into office two times. This set the precedent for future presidents even though it wasn't law-binding. He is choosing to "retire". He then thanks his country for supporting and honoring him. He then states that they are to keep their love of liberty with them in everything they do and to work together. To stay away from war and interfering with other countries' politics by being neural with all countries. As, foreign influence will corrupt the country and cause factions. He further warns against faction that will divide the new republic. He tells the citizens of America to work towards religious morality and political prosperity.

LAD #6: Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality

On April 22nd 1793, George Washington decreed his Proclamation of Neutrality. In it, he deemed the new country to not interfere with the war  going on between France against Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands. He also warned against people who try to aid any of that powers, that they will lose their protection under the United States and could be prosecuted.

LAD #5: Federalist #10

1.  Why are factions so difficult to eliminate?

• Because people have different interests so they like to "hang out" with people that have the same views as them. Not everyone is the same and these differences cause divides (factions) among people. People have the liberty and  free will in this country to decide what to do.

 

2.  If factions cannot be removed then how can they be controlled?

• Factions can be controlled by removing their effects; since removing the freedom to let factions exist would contradict what the American revolution was for. Since a minority faction is in essence a, minority, it can be easily controlled because the majority will outvote it. To control a majority, either the same view of the majority most not occur at the same time; or, a representative democracy.

Republican Motherhood

1.       What role did the Revolutionary War play in the transformation of housewifery to Republican Motherhood?

• As stated in Document A, women should be the "nursery or the future man and of the undying spirit". This reflects the women's new role in teaching about patriotism a key feature of the Revolutionary War. This is how a Republican Mother shows her patriotism to her country. It was purely in the hands of the women therefore to raise the children with patriotic values, as their husbands were off fighting in the war (Document C).

2.      What were the consequences of Republican Motherhood on women?

• Had to stay home and take of their children/confined to their domestic spheres (Documents A & B )
• Women gained a vaster knowledge of the world by having more of a literature background (Document B).
• Must instill good Christian values into the children (Document D).

3.      What is the significance of the ideology of Republican Motherhood as a stage in the process of women’s socialization?

• Women before this time were never educated, now they had a right to be educated because it was up to them to properly educate their children (Document B & D). It was a step in the right direction for women's rights by giving them the control of domestic livelihood (Document B & C)

 

1.       Describe the setting.

• This picture is a portrait of Mary Gibson Tilghman and her sons by Charles Willson Peale from 1789. She has a son in her lap, who is dressed up in a dress and has long hair, the style of that time period. The are seated upon a elegantly designed coral couch.  Both Mary and her son in blue have hints of smiles on their faces.

2.      Who serves at the center of the portrait and why?  How does the woman look?  How is she “republican” rather than aristocratic?

• The center of this portrait is Mrs. Tilghman because she is a republican mother, it is therefore her duty to be the center of her sons' world and to be a commanding figure. She is dressed fashionably but not overly-flaunting herself. Her republicanism is in her simplicity and yet elegance of her clothing.

3.      What values do her sons exhibit?

• Her sons reflect her values. They as well are dressed simply yet nicely. They are calm and not rambunctious. That they were able to sit still while this picture was painted shows their value for calmness and for obedience.

4.      Is there a significance to the position of Mrs. Tilgham’s arm?

• The significance in the position of her arm is found in that it rets reassuringly on her wilder child restraining him from moving and showing him how he should act in this republican society. She is asserting her dominance with that restraining hand. The fact that  her hand isn't resting on her other son's shoulder shows that he has grown up and learned how to act, and that her young son is in the process of learning the new patriotic ideas.

 

 

 

Blog #4 - Revolution Article

1. The Civil War is remembered by its Generals, including Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee, while the American Revolution is not, with the exception of George Washington, the people remembered include Franklin and John Adams.
2. The magnitude of suffering is downplayed by people because the Civil war had six times as many deaths so in comparison it seems like less suffering.
3. The soldiers were so short of food that they resorted to eating a soup made of boiled shoes and melted candles. And, if lucky, eat a dog.
4. Civilians also died during the American Revolution because of  Indian attacks or disease; it would spread from camps to nearby towns.
5. Because the Americans were so short on clothing, all their POWs were stripped of their clothing (even in January) that then went to soldiers in need of clothing.

LAD #3: Declaration of Independence

1. Democratic Principles:

• The right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
• It is the right of the people to overthrow a government that does not protect their rights, and put in place a new one

2. List a handful of grievances:

• Passing and enforcing the Quartering Act of soldiers
• Prohibiting soldiers from being put on trail for the murder of colonists while staying in America
• Paying the judges himself instead of letting the colonists (taking the power that the colonists had over the judges by being able to withhold pay)
• Standing armies during peace
• Imposing taxes with the consent of the people
• Taking away charters
• Bringing in Hessian soldiers
• Burning down towns
• Taking away trial by jury

3. Conclusion:
The Declaration of Independence ends with how the colonists tried to reconcile with the King repeatedly, but the king refused (Olive Branch Petition). They have also warned the people against putting unwanted jurisdiction on the colonists.Finally, the colonists end with saying that they are free and independent states and have no allegiance to the British Crown; clearly stating that they now have the power to levy war, make peace agreements, govern their own economy, an do anything else that they want as free states.

LAD #2: John Peter Zenger

1. Who was John Peter Zenger?

•  John Peter Zenger was a German immigrant who printed The New York Weekly Journal. He worked with James Alexander (the editor) and William Smith on the newspaper.

      2. What was the controversy over his charges? Talk about Hamilton's defense.

•  The controversy over Zenger's trials was whether or not to consider the statements that Zenger made for the jury's decision. The royal chief justice thought that the jury should not consider the truthfulness/falseness of Zenger's publications, that the idea of Zenger printing regardless of the truth was enough to convict him. Hamilton argued that this decision defined the freedom that people may/may not receive to defy and expose a higher power, in this case the Governor Cosby. Jurors voted not guilty.

      3. What influence did his case have on American governmental tradition?

• The verdict of this trial greatly influenced American governmental tradition. Nowadays people can write whatever their hearts' desire in the paper without the fear of being tossed into jail. It is clearly defined in our rights in the First Amendment.

4. What is the lasting significance of his trial? Explain.

• Zenger's trial has had an everlasting significance on lives. Besides the mentioned above, of the Freedom of Press; newspapers have helped during the American Revolution being a rallying force to British rule. The verdict helped establish that true statements about public officials that were full of criticisms were free to be published and no one could be prosecuted as libel, honest but unfair/ unwanted criticisms that may harm one's reputation.

 

LAD #1: Mayflower Compact & Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Signing of the Mayflower Compact

1) What concepts are included in the Mayflower Compact?

• The Mayflower Compact ( As seen being signed on the left), created in 1620  was signed before the Pilgrim leaders disembarked from the ship. In it, they agreed to form a government that submitted to the will of the majority. They also pledged loyalty to the King of England. They also agreed to form "just and equal Laws" for their colony. This document was signed by all forty-one male passengers aboard the ship. It set the precedent for later constitutions. 

2) How does the Mayflower Compact reflect and attachment to both the "Old" and "New" worlds?

• The attachment reflected to both the Old and New worlds is seen through the Mayflower Compact. It is clearly seen when the Pilgrims reference their loyalty to the King, saying, "the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James". This clear establishment of the colony's loyalty shows their attachment to the Old world. The agreement to form their own laws in and of itself shows their independent nature and how they quickly adopted/nurtured New world ideals into their society.

3) How did the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut differ from the Mayflower Compact?

• The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was different in that it was far longer and more detailed in its set-up of a local government. The attention to detail is seen when the Orders set up ideals for tax (levies) collection and the creation of two General assemblies. While the Mayflower references its allegiance to the Mother Country and the King multiple times, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut does not make a single reference to either. The Orders were also created about 19 years after the Compact.

Connecticut Colony  

4) What prompted the colonists of Connecticut to take this approach to government, i.e.: use of a written Constitution?

• Besides the fact that their were many settlements "popping up" around the Connecticut River (Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield) and the colony needed to maintain peace; another reason would be that they believed that "the word of God requires that to maintain the peace and union" meaning that as people of God, it is their duty to create a government for the people. It is in essence because they wanted to have equal rights and liberties for their people.

5) In what significant way(s) does the Fundamental Orders reflect a fear of and safeguard against the usurping of power by one person or a chosen few?

• To prevent the usurping of power, the Fundamental Orders has many safeguards emplaced. One of which is that no Governor can be Governor more than one in two years, to prevent a dictatorship. The eligible people are also allowed to vote, as to prevent an unwanted dictator from taking power. And finally, there will be six Magistrates selected alongside the Governor so as to prevent one person from having absolute power.  

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